Ідол, виведений з ідеалу? Верховенство права, універсалізація, деградація
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21564/2227-7153.2019.2.204724Ключові слова:
верховенство права, ідеал, універсалізація, справедливість, глобалізована влада суддів, інтервенціонізмАнотація
Ідея верховенства права визначається сьогодні в усьому світі однією правовою культурою, тією, в якій дещо проголошується правом ex post facto (як в англійському загальному праві) або в силу політичного прагматизму правові нововведення у правосудді залежать від обраних представницьких органів (як у США). Більш того, верховенство права, що використовується як політичний слоган, призводить до ідеократичної ідеалізації. Верховенство права, втілюючи інструментальну цінність (навіть якщо міжнародні групи
впливу фундаменталізують її), представляє певну культуру у грі викликів і відповідей hic et nunc (навіть якщо глобалізм універсалізує її). Розвинене в різних місцях і в різні часи, воно не може бути чимось більшим, ніж низка живих культур зацікавлених країн, заснованих на такому, що еволюціонує історично, цивілізуючому та гуманізуючому ідеалі. Право як сукупність цінностей, які підлягають захисту, водночас стикається з конфліктом цінностей у щоденному правозастосуванні, що зазвичай вимагає зважування та балансування в пошуку компромісного рішення. Не відстоюючи абсолютизм «все або нічого», однобічність або гомогенізацію, варто все ж зазначити, що перетворення правової визначеності на ідола
(як це зробив Конституційний Суд Угорщини) або підпорядкування дій уряду судовому або правозахисному контролю може обернутись принесенням у жертву справедливості за підтримки народу і зникнення raison d’être. Більш того, фетишизація власної гомогенності може викривити переваги, яким вона прагне служити. Глобалізована влада суддів намага-
ється монополізувати всесвітній навчальний процес, відокремлюючи місцеві події від їх природного контексту, щоб нав’язати себе. Зрештою, питання про те, хто може опанувати право, є вирішальним при оцінці втручання міжнародних органів та Європейського Союзу в місцеві справи під гаслом верховенства права.
Посилання
Abrahamson, Shirley S., and Michael J. Fischer. “All the World’s a Courtroom. Judging in the New Millennium.” Hofstra Law Review 26, no. 2 (1997): 273–91.
Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Rev. ed. by Robert Crisp. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Barak, Aharon. “The Role of a Supreme Court in a Democracy, and the Fight against Terrorism.”University of Miami Law Review 58, no. 1 (2003): 125–41.
Bork, Robert H. The Tempting of America. The Political Seduction of the Law. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990.
Buckley, F. H. The American Illness. Essays on the Rule of Law. New Haven – London: Yale University Press, 2013.
Buckley, F. H. “The Rule of Law in America.” In The American Illness. Essays on the Rule of Law, edited by F. H. Buckley, 3–39. New Haven – London: Yale University Press, 2013.
Carozza, Paolo G. The Protean Vocabulary of Human Rights. Chambesy: Caritas in Veritas Foundation, no date. http://www.fciv.org/downloads/Carozza.pdf.
Campos, Paul F. Jurismania. The Madness of American Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Chaturvedi, Kameshwar Nath. “Legislative Retrospectivity and Rule of Law.” Statute Law Review 34, no. 3 (2013): 207–20.
Clark, Wesley. “Gen. Wesley Clark Weighs Presidential Bid. I Think About It Every Day.” Interview, March 02, 2017. http://www.democracynow.org/2007/3/2/gen_wesley_clark_weighs_presidential_bid and http://genius.com/General-wesley-clark-seven-countries-in-five-years-annotated.
A Magyar Koztarsasag Alkotmanybirosaga [1992] Constitutional Court of the Republic of Hungary, No. 11/1992 (in Hungarian). http://public.mkab.hu/dev/dontesek.nsf/0/A0D36B21A86C45 BEC1257ADA0052B4F7?OpenDocument.
Darak Peter. “Tarsadalmi problemak – jogi megoldasok” [Social problems – legal solutions]. In (L) ex cathedra et praxis. Unnepi kotet Labady Tamas 70. szuletesnapja alkalmabol, edited by Zoltan
Csehi, Andras Koltay, Balazs Landi, and Anett Pogacsas. Xenia. Budapest: Pazmany Press, 2014.
Douzinas, Costas. Human Rights and Empire. The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism. Abingdon and New York: Routledge and Cavendish, 2007.
Dworkin, Ronald. The Rule of Law as a Practical Concept. Keynote Speech. Venice Commission Conference. 2012. http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=C DL%282013 %29016‑e.
Ekins, Richard. “Rights, Interpretation and the Rule of Law.” In Modern Challenges to the Rule of Law, edited by Richard Ekins, 165–87. Wellington: LexisNexis NY, 2011.
Eliot, George. The Mill on the Floss. 1860. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6688/6688‑h/6688‑h. htm#41.
Fallon, Richard H., Jr. “ʻThe Rule of Law’ as a Concept in Constitutional Discourse.” Columbia Law Review 97, no. 1 (1997): 1–56.
Finnis, John. Natural Law and Natural Rights. Clarendon Law Series. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
Fitschen, Thomas. “Inventing the Rule of Law for the United Nations.” Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 12 (2008): 347–80.
Franck, Thomas M. “The New Development. Can American Law and Legal Institutions Help Developing Countries?” Wisconsin Law Review 12, no. 3 (1972): 767–801.
Fukuyama, Francis. The Great Disruption. Nature and the Reconstitution of the Social Order. New York: The Free Press, 1999.
Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Law Man. New York: The Free Press, 2006.
Gallie, Walter Bryce. “Essentially Contested Concepts.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series 56 (1955–1956): 167–98.
Gardner, James A. Legal Imperialism. American Lawyers and Foreign Aid in Latin America. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980.
Glendon, Mary Ann. Rights Talk. The Impoverishment of Political Discourse. New York: The Free Press, 1991.
Glenn, Patrick. Legal Traditions of the World. Sustainable Diversity in Law. 5th. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Goldstein, Leslie Friedman. “From Democracy to Juristocracy?” Law & Society Review 38, no. 3 (2004): 611–29.
Haocai zhu bian, Lui. Ruan fa de li lun yu shi jian. [The theory and practice of soft law]. Ruan fa yan jiu xi lie [Soft law series]. Beijing Shi: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2010.
Haocai, Luo. Soft Law Governance. Towards an Integrated Approach. Translated by Ben Armour & Tang Hailong [from Chinese, 2009]. Buffalo, N. Y.: William S. Hein & Co, 2013.
Harlow, Carol. “European Governance and Accountability.” In Public Law in a Multi-layered Constitution, edited by Nicholas Bamforth, and Peter Leyland, 79–102. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003.
Hayek, F. A. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944.
Hayek, F. A. The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.
Helland, Eric, and Jonathan Kick. “Regulation and Litigation: Complements or Substitutes?” In The American Illness. Essays on the Rule of Law, edited by F. H. Buckley, 118–36. New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2013.
Herberger, Maximilian. “Juristen, bose Christen.” In Handworterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte II edited by Adalbert Erler, 482–3. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1978.
Hirschl, Ran. Towards Juristocracy. The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2004.
Hirschl, Ran. Constitutional Theocracy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011.
Holmes, Stephen, and Ivan Krastev. The Light That Failed. Why the West Is Losing the Fight for Democracy. New York: Pegasus Books, 2020.
Howard, Philip K. The Death of Common Sense. How Law is Suffocating America. New York: Random House, 1994.
Howard, Philip K. The Collapse of the Common Good. How America’s Lawsuit Culture Undermines our Freedom. New York: Ballantine Books, 2002.
Howard, Philip K. “Vaclav Havel’s Critique of the West.” The Atlantic (December 20, 2011) http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/12/vaclav-havelscritique-of-the-west/250277/.
Howard, Philip K. The Rule of Nobody. Saving America from Dead Law and Broken Government. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2014.
Hufteau, Yves-Louis. Le refere legislatif et le pouvoir du juge dans la silence de la loi. Travaux et recherches de la Faculte de Droit et des Sciences economiques de Paris, Serie Droit prive 2.
Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1965.
Iseni, Arburim, Ylber Sela, and Adem Beadini. “A Comparative Study of Albanian Customary Law with the Code of the West and the Common Law of England. Lex Scripta vs. Lex Non Scripta.”
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization 18 (2013): 50–60. http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index. php/JLPG/article/viewFile/8498/8437.
Kennedy, Robert F. Make Gentle the Life of the World. The Vision of Robert F. Kennedy, edited by Maxwell Taylor Kennedy. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998.
Kochenov, Dimitry. “EU Law without the Rule of Law. Is the Veneration of Autonomy Worth It?” Yearbook of European Law 34, no. 1 (2015): 74–96. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2642689 and https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/eu-lawwithout-the-rule-of-law-is-the-veneration-of-autonomy-worth-it-YPkB2tWD3v.
Majithia, Vishal. Great Leaders are Made, not Born. October 27, 2006. https://www.flickr.com/ photos/vm1757/280433501.
Marmor, Andrei. “The Rule of Law and its Limits.” Law and Philosophy 23, no. 1 (2004): 1–43.
Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. Die deutsche Ideologie. Kritik der neuesten deutschen Philosophie in ihren Reprasentanten Feuerbach, B. Bauer u. Stirner u. des deutsches Sozialismus in seinen verschiedenen Propheten, 1845–1846. [Volksausgabe der ersten ungekurzten vollstandigen Erstausgabe der Marx-Engels-Verlag im Auftrag der Marx – Engels – Lenin-Institut Moskau.]
Hrsg. Vladimir V. Adoratskij. Wien – Berlin: Verlag fur Literatur u. Politik, 1932.
Mendez, Juan E. “Accountability for Past Abuses.” Human Rights Quarterly 19, no. 2 (1997): 255–82.
Morth, Ulrika. Soft Law in Governance and Regulation. An Interdisciplinary Analysis. Cheltenham & Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2004.
Naoya cho, Endō. Sofuto rō demokurashī ni yoru hōkaikaku. / Reform of Japanese Law via Soft Law Democracy. Tōkyō: Ātodeizu, 2014.
Nysanbayev, Abdumalik. “Kazakhstan. Cultural Inheritance and Social Transformation.” In Kazakh Philosophical Studies I–Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series IIIC: Central Asia 2,
Washington, D. C.: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 2004. http://www.crvp.org/ book/Series03/IIIC-2/chap-2.htm.
Olson, Walter K. The Rule of Lawyers. How the New Litigation Elite Threatens America’s Rule of Law. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2003.
Olson, Walter. Schools for Misrule. Legal Academia and an Overlawyered America. New York: Encounter Books, 2011.
Reid, John Philip. The Rule of Law. The Jurisprudence of Liberty in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004.
Reinsch, Richard M., II. America’s Rule of Law Sickness. 2013. http://www.libertylawsite.org/2013/07/24/ americas-rule-of-law-sickness/
Rodriguez, Daniel B., Mathew B. McCubbins, and Barry R. Weingast. “The Rule of Law Unplugged.” Emory Law Journal 59, no. 6 (2010): 1455–94. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.hu/&httpsredir=1&article=5990&context=faculty_scholarship.
Ruthers, Bernd. Die heimliche Revolution vom Rechtsstaat zum Richterstaat. Verfassung und Methoden.
Ein Essay. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014.
Sampford, Charles. Retrospectivity and the Rule of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Selznick, Philip. “The Sociology of Law.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 9, edited by David L. Sills. New York: MacMillan and The Free Press, 1968.
Senden, Linda. Soft Law in European Community Law. Modern Studies in European Law 1. Oxford – Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2004.
Shklar, Judith. “Political Theory and the Rule of Law.” In The Rule of Law. Ideal or Ideology, edited by Allan C Hutchinson and Patrick Monahan, 21–38. Toronto: Carswell, 1987.
Silkenat, James R., James E. Hickey Jr., and Peter D. Barenboim, eds. The Legal Doctrines of the Rule of Law and the Legal State (Rechtsstaat). Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice 38. Heidelberg: Springer, 2004.
Soft law et droits fondamentaux. Actes du colloque du 4 et 5 fevrier 2016. Publications de l’Institut international des droits de l’homme 33. Paris: Pedone, 2017.
Stone Sweet, Alec. Governing with Judges. Constitutional Politics in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Die Stufenweise Entstehung des Juristokratischen Staates / The Gradual Emergence of the Juristocratic State, edited by Bela Pokol & Andras Teglasi. Budapest: Dialog Campus, 2019.
Tate, C. Neal, and Torbjorn Vallinder, eds. The Global Expansion of Judicial Power. New York: New York University Press, 1995.
Trnavci, Genc. “The Interaction of Customary Law with the Modern Rule of Law in Albania and Kosova.” In The Rule of Law in Comparative Perspective Series: Ius Gentium: Comparative
Perspectives on Law and Justice, Vol. 3. Dordrecht, Springer Science+Business Media B. V., 2010.
Trujillo, Isabel. “Human Rights, Peace, and the Concept of Law: The Story of an Incomplete Legal Revolution.” Plenary lecture at the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy XXVIII World Congress, Lisboa, July 20, 2017.
Varga, Csaba. “Quelques questions methodologiques de la formation des concepts en sciences juridiques.” Archives de Philosophie du Droit XVIII (1973): 205–41.
Varga, Csaba. “Anthropological Jurisprudence? Leopold Pospišil and the Comparative Study of Legal Cultures.” In Law in East and West. On the Occasion of the 30th Anniversary of the Institute of Comparative Law, 265–85. Tokyo: Waseda University Press, 1988: 265–85.
Varga, Csaba. Transition to Rule of Law. On the Democratic Transformation in Hungary. Philosophiae Iuris. Budapest: “ELTE Comparative Legal Cultures” Project, 1995. http://mek.oszk.hu/14700/14760/.
Varga, Csaba. “Buts et moyens en droit.” In Giovanni Paolo II. Le vie della giustizia. Itinerari per il terzo millennio. (Omaggio dei giuristi a Sua Santita nel XXV anno di pontificato.), edited by Aldo Loiodice, and Massimo Vari, 71–5. Roma: Bardi Editore – Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2003.
Varga, Csaba. “Visszavont emberi teljesseg? Eszmeuralom es tetszőlegesseg” [Fullness of being withdrawn? Ideocracy & randomness]. PoLiSz no. 82 (2005): 14–21.
Varga, Csaba. “Transfers of Law. A Conceptual Analysis.” In Hungary’s Legal Assistance Experiences in the Age of Globalization, edited by Mamoru Sadakata, 21–41. Nagoya: Nagoya University Graduate School of Law Center for Asian Legal Exchange, 2006. http://mek.oszk.hu/17500/17543. [Reproduced: “Rule of Law through Legal Transfer. Historical Patterns and Contemporary
Dilemmas.” East European & Russian Yearbook of International and Comparative Law 4–5, (2010–2011): 45–61].
Varga, Csaba. “Failed Crusade. American Self-confidence, Russian Catastrophe.” In Transition? To Rule of Law? Constitutionalism and Transitional Justice Challenged in Central & Eastern Europe. PoLiSz Series Books 7, Pomaz: Krater, 2008. 199–219. http://mek.oszk.hu/14800/14851.
Varga, Csaba. “Goals and Means in Law.” Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa LI, no. 1–2 (2010): 263–74. http://www.thomasinternational.org/projects/step/ conferences/20050712budapest/varga1.htm.
Varga, Csaba. The Place of Law in Lukacs’ World Concept. Third (reprint) edition with Postface. Budapest: Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2012. http://mek.oszk.hu/14200/14249/.
Varga, Csaba. The Paradigms of Legal Thinking. Enlarged second edition. (1996/1999.) Philosophiae Iuris. Budapest: Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2012. http://mek.oszk.hu/14600/14657/.
Varga, Csaba. Comparative Legal Cultures. On Traditions Classified, their Rapprochement & Transfer, and the Anarchy of Hyper-rationalism. Philosophiae Iuris. Budapest: Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2012. http://mek.oszk.hu/15300/15386.
Varga, Csaba. Theory of Law. Norm, Logic, System, Doctrine & Technique in Legal Processes, with Appendix on European Law. Philosophiae Iuris. Budapest: Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2012. http://mek.oszk.hu/15400/15409.
Varga, Csaba. “Humanity Elevating Themselves? Dilemmas of Rationalism in our Age.” In Theory of Law. Norm, Logic, System, Doctrine & Technique in Legal Processes, with Appendix on European Law, by Csaba Varga, 131–64. Philosophiae Iuris. Budapest: Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2012. http://mek.oszk.hu/15400/15409.
Varga, Csaba. “Law, Ethics, Economy: Independent Paths or Shared Ways?” In Theory of Law. Norm, Logic, System, Doctrine & Technique in Legal Processes, with Appendix on European
Law, by Csaba Varga, 202–15. Philosophiae Iuris. Budapest: Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2012. http://mek.oszk.hu/15400/15409.
Varga, Csaba. “The Contemporaneity of Lukacs’ Ideas with Modern Social Theoretical Thought.” The Ontology of Social Being in Social Science Reconstruction with Regards to Constructs like Law. Archiv fur Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 99, no. 1 (2013): 42–54. Reprint, “From the Ontology of Social Being to the Law’s Ontology.” Journal of the Siberian Federal University Humanities and Social Sciences 8, no. 10 (2015): 2002–17. http://elib.sfukras.ru/bitstream/2311/19820/4/01_Varga.pdf.
Varga, Csaba. “Legal Mentality as a Component of Law. Rationality Driven into Anarchy in America.” Curentul Juridic XVI, no. 1 (2013): 63–77. http://revcurentjur.ro/arhiva/attachments_201301/recjurid131_7F.pdf.
Varga, Csaba. “Az emberi jogok problematikaja [Problematics of human rights].” Tarsadalomkutatas 32, no. 2 (2013): 1–15. http://www.vmtt.org.rs/mtn2013/063_082_Varga_A.pdf.
Varga, Csaba. The enigma of law and of legal philosophising: Selected works. Edited by M. V. Antonov. Saint Petersburg: Publishing House Ltd. “Alef-Press”, 2015 (in Russian). http://93.174.95.29/_ads/9166F93B38A410059DC56C227D339861.
Varga, Csaba. “Ősnepeink jogszemlelete” [The legal mentality of our ancient ancestries]. Hitel 28, no. 11, (2015): 83–96. http://www.hitelfolyoirat.hu/sites/default/files/pdf/17‑varga.pdf.
Varga, Zs. Andras. From Ideal to Idol? The Concept of the Rule of Law. Budapest: Dialog Campus, 2019.
Wahlgren, Peter, ed. Soft Law. Scandinavian Studies in Law 58. Stockholm: Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law, 2013.
Waldron, Jeremy. “Is the Rule of Law an Essentially Contested Concept (In Florida)?” Law and Philosophy 21, no. 2 (2002): 137–64.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. European Universalism. The Rhetoric of Power. New York: New Press, 2006.
Weeks, Greg. Soft Law and Public Authorities. Remedies and Reform. Hart Studies in Comparative Public Law 11. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publising, 2016.
##submission.downloads##
Номер
Розділ
Ліцензія
Авторське право (c) 2020 С. Varga
Ця робота ліцензується відповідно до Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
